An Integrated Assessment of the Impacts of Paddy Land Conversion on Biodiversity and Food Security in Kedah, Malaysia

Paddy lands are typical wetland ecosystems that account for approximately 15 percent of the world’s arable land (Xiao et al. 2005). They occupy the largest area of agricultural land of Asia (Zhang et al. 2013) and account for about 2.2 percent of the total 329,667 km2 Malaysia’s land.